Ross had to personally intervene to resolve the Jaybird-Woodpecker War. The state continued to deal with the issues of racism, with hundreds of acts of violence against blacks as whites tried to establish white supremacy. Governor Lawrence Sullivan Ross guided the Texan legislature to reform the land use policies. Many ranchers ran barbed wire around public lands, to protect their access to water and free grazing.
New land use policies drafted during the administration of Governor John Ireland enabled individuals to accumulate land, leading to the formation of large cattle ranches. In 1876, the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas opened, and seven years later the University of Texas at Austin began conducting classes. Guided by the federal Morill Act, Texas sold public lands to gain funds to invest in higher education.
Much of the politics of the remainder of the century centered on land use. Texas later repealed the State Constitution of 1869 and enacted the Texas State Constitution of 1876 on February 15, 1876, which remains their current state constitution though with numerous amendments. Texas fully rejoined the Union on March 30, 1870, when President Grant signed the act to readmit Texas to Congressional Representation. Later that same year, President Grant approved their Constitution. As stated by the Texas State Library and Archive Commission, in 1869, the United States Congress passed an act allowing the citizens of Texas to vote on a new State Constitution. For the next nine years, Texas was governed by a series of provisional governors as the state went through Reconstruction. Union Army soldiers officially occupied the state starting on June 19, 1865. Following the defeat of the Confederate States in the American Civil War, Texas was mandated to rejoin the United States of America.
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